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A hazardous material (HAZMAT) is any solid, liquid, or gas that can cause harm to humans, other living organisms, or the environment due to being radioactive, flammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, a biohazard, an oxidizer, an asphyxiant, or capable of causing severe allergic reactions. The term hazardous material is used in this context almost exclusively in the United States. The equivalent term in the rest of the English-speaking world is Dangerous Goods. Mitigating the risks associated with hazardous materials may require the application of safety precautions during their transport, use, storage and disposal. Most countries regulate hazardous materials by law, and they are subject to several international treaties as well. Persons who handle hazardous materials will often wear protective equipment, and metropolitan fire departments often have a "Hazmat team" specifically trained to deal with accidents and spills. These teams train at a variety of specialized locations. One of the most well-known is the TTCI Emergency Response Training Center (ERTC) located in Pueblo, Colorado. Others are Texas A & M University's Texas Engineering Extension Service National Emergency Response & Rescue Training Center, Louisiana State University's Fire and Emergency Training Institute, and the California Specialized Training Institute (CSTI). Laws and regulations on the use and handling of hazardous materials may differ depending on the activity and status of the material. For example one set of requirements may apply to their use in the workplace while a different requirements may apply to spill response, sale for consumer use, or transportation. Most countries regulate some aspect of hazardous materials. The most widely applied regulatory scheme is that for the transportation of hazardous materials. The Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods of the United Nations Economic and Social Council issues a Model Regulation on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods. Most regional and national regulatory schemes for hazardous materials are harmonized to a greater or lesser degree with the UN Model Regulation. For instance, the International Civil Aviation Organization has developed regulations for air transport of hazardous materials that are based upon the UN Model but modified to accommodate unique aspects of air transport. Individual airline and governmental requirements are incorporated with this by the International Air Transport Association to produce the widely used IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations. Similarly, the International Maritime Organization has developed the IMO Dangerous Goods Regulations for transportation on the high seas. Many individual nations have also structured their hazardous materials transportation regulations to harmonize with the UN Model in organization as well as in specific requirements.
United StatesDue to the increased threat of terrorism in the early 21st century, funding for greater HAZMAT-handling capabilities was increased throughout the United States, in recognition of the fact that flammable, poisonous, explosive, or radioactive substances in particular could make attractive vectors for terrorist attacks. The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) regulates hazmat transportation within the territory of the US. The regulations are found in 49 CFR (Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations) Subchapter C. The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates the handling of hazardous materials in the workplace as well as response to hazardous materials-related incidents, most notably through HAZWOPER (HAZ-ardous W-aste OP-erations and E-mergency R-esponse) regulations found at 29 CFR 1910.120. The Environmental Protection Agency regulates hazardous materials as they may impact the community and environment, including specific regulations for environmental cleanup and for handling and disposal of waste hazardous materials. The Consumer Product Safety Commission regulates hazardous materials that may be used in products sold for houshold and other consumer uses. Hazard Classes for Materials in TransportFollowing the UN Model, the DOT divides regulated hazardous materials into nine classes, some of which are further divided into divisions. Hazardous materials in transportation must be placarded. Some materials must always be placarded, others may only require placarding in certain circumstances (example, amount). Some examples of the various classes and divisions are given. If any material falls into subclasses it must be marked with the lowest subclass of those classes. All applicable classes must be listed unless it falls into class one, then class 3, 4, and 5 don't need to be listed. A pic of the U.S. DOT classes in use. Click for a bigger versionClass 1: Explosives — Six subclasses.
Class 2: Gases — Three subclasses.
Class 3: Flammable Liquids — Liquids with a flashpoint at or below 140 degrees F (gasoline, some alcoholic beverages)
Class 4: Flammable Solids — Three subclasses.
Class 5: Oxidizing Materials — Two subclasses.
Class 6: Toxic Materials — Three subclasses.
Class 7: Radioactive Materials — Three subclasses.
Class 8: Corrosive Materials — acids and bases (sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid) Class 9: Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods — materials that are hazardous during transportation but do not meet the definition of any of the other hazard classes, for example dry ice in an airplane or hot asphalt). Trailers of goods in transport are usually marked with a four digit UN (United Nations) number. This number can be referenced by first responders (Firefighters, Police Officers, and ambulance personnel) who can find information about the material in the North American Emergency Response Guidebook. Fixed FacilitiesDifferent standards usually apply for handling and marking HAZMATs at fixed facilities, including NFPA 704 diamond markings (a non-governmental standard), and OSHA regulations requiring chemical safety information for employees and CPSC requirements requiring infomrative labeling for the public. References
CanadaTransport of hazardous materials in Canada is under the jurisdiction of Transport Canada. Hazard classifications are also based upon the UN Model and so are similar, but not identical, to those used in the United States. EuropeThe European Union has passed numerous directives & regulations to avoid the dissemination & restrict the useage of Hazardous Substances, the most famous being the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive and the REACH directive. There are also long standing European Treaties such as ADR and RID that regulate the transportation of hazardous materials by road, rail, river and inland waterways, following the guide of the UN Model Regulation. See also
External links
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